What is the V-Model in software testing, and how is it used?
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The V-Model (Verification and Validation Model) is a software development methodology that emphasizes a structured relationship between development and testing activities. It is called the "V-Model" because the process is often visualized in a V shape, where the left side represents development stages and the right side mirrors testing phases.
How it Works:
Each development phase has a corresponding testing phase:
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Requirements Analysis ↔ Acceptance Testing: User needs are defined, and corresponding acceptance tests are planned.
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System Design ↔ System Testing: The overall architecture is designed, and system-wide tests are created to verify integration and functionality.
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High-Level Design ↔ Integration Testing: Modules and their interactions are planned; integration tests are designed accordingly.
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Low-Level Design ↔ Unit Testing: Individual components are designed and later tested in isolation.
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Implementation: Coding happens at the base of the "V", connecting the two sides.
Key Features:
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Verification (left side): Ensures the system is built correctly (e.g., design reviews, walkthroughs).
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Validation (right side): Ensures the right system is built (e.g., functional testing, user validation).
Usage:
The V-Model is used in projects requiring high reliability, such as in aerospace, healthcare, or banking. It provides clear milestones, thorough documentation, and early test planning, reducing the risk of late-stage failures.
While rigid, it's effective where requirements are well-understood and unlikely to change, ensuring quality and traceability through every phase.
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