What are the key principles of software testing according to ISTQB?

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The International Software Testing Qualifications Board (ISTQB) outlines seven key principles of software testing that guide effective testing practices across projects and methodologies:

1. Testing Shows Presence of Defects
   Testing can show that defects are present, but it cannot prove there are no defects. Even after extensive testing, we can’t guarantee a bug-free system.

2. Exhaustive Testing is Impossible
   Testing every possible input and path is impractical except for very simple applications. Instead, risk-based and prioritized testing is used to focus on the most critical areas.

3. Early Testing
   Testing activities should start as early as possible in the software development lifecycle to detect defects early, reducing cost and effort.

4. Defect Clustering
   A small number of modules often contain most of the defects. This aligns with the Pareto principle (80/20 rule) — testing should focus more on high-risk or defect-prone areas.

5. Pesticide Paradox
   Running the same test cases repeatedly will not find new defects. Test cases need to be regularly reviewed and updated to cover new parts of the software and uncover fresh issues.

6. Testing is Context Dependent
   The type and extent of testing vary depending on the software’s context, such as safety-critical systems requiring more rigorous testing than an e-commerce app.

7. Absence-of-Errors Fallacy
   A system that is 99% bug-free is not useful if it does not fulfill the user’s needs and requirements. Testing should ensure the product is not only defect-free but also fit for purpose.

These principles provide a foundation for structured and effective software testing.

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