What is the difference between static testing and dynamic testing?

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Static testing and dynamic testing are two fundamental software testing methods that differ in approach, timing, and purpose.

Static Testing involves examining code, documentation, or other project artifacts without executing the program. It is typically performed in the early stages of development and helps identify errors such as syntax issues, code structure problems, or security flaws. Common techniques include:

• Code reviews

• Walkthroughs

• Static analysis tools

Static testing is preventive—it aims to catch issues early, reducing the cost and effort of fixing bugs later in development.

Dynamic Testing, on the other hand, involves executing the code to validate its behavior during runtime. It checks for functional correctness, performance, and reliability by running test cases on the software. It includes:

• Unit tests

• Integration tests

• System tests

• User acceptance tests

Dynamic testing is reactive—it helps find runtime errors like memory leaks, incorrect logic, or broken functionality.

Key differences:

• Execution: Static doesn't run code; dynamic does.

• Timing: Static happens early; dynamic usually happens later.

• Focus: Static looks at structure; dynamic tests behavior.

Both are essential—static testing improves code quality early, while dynamic testing ensures the software works as intended during execution.

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