What are the seven principles of software testing?

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The seven principles of software testing are widely accepted guidelines that help ensure effective and efficient testing. They were established by the ISTQB (International Software Testing Qualifications Board) and are applicable across different types of software projects.

1. Testing Shows Presence of Defects: Testing can reveal the presence of bugs, but it cannot prove their absence. Even after thorough testing, the software might still contain undiscovered defects.

2. Exhaustive Testing is Impossible: Testing every possible input and scenario is not feasible for most applications. Instead, risk-based and prioritized testing helps focus on the most critical areas.

3. Early Testing: Testing should begin as early as possible in the software development life cycle. Detecting and fixing defects early is cheaper and more efficient than addressing them later.

4. Defect Clustering: A small number of modules often contain the majority of defects. Focusing testing on these high-risk areas increases the chances of finding bugs efficiently.

5. Pesticide Paradox: Repeating the same tests will eventually stop finding new bugs. To find new issues, test cases must be regularly reviewed and updated.

6. Testing is Context Dependent: Testing approaches vary based on the context—what works for a safety-critical system may not be suitable for a web application. The type of software influences the testing strategy.

7. Absence-of-Errors Fallacy: A bug-free system isn't necessarily useful if it doesn’t meet user needs and expectations. Testing must also validate that the software aligns with business and user requirements.

These principles guide testers in planning, designing, and executing tests more effectively.

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