What is the purpose of a test case in software testing?

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A test case in software testing is a set of conditions or variables used to determine whether a software application or system behaves as expected. It serves as a blueprint for testing and ensures that the software meets its requirements, functions correctly, and is free of defects. A test case typically includes the following elements:

  1. Test case ID: A unique identifier for the test case.

  2. Test description: A brief explanation of what the test case is verifying.

  3. Preconditions: Any setup or conditions that must be in place before running the test.

  4. Test steps: A clear sequence of actions to be performed during testing.

  5. Expected results: The anticipated outcomes if the software behaves correctly.

  6. Actual results: The real outcomes observed during testing.

  7. Pass/fail criteria: Determines whether the test passed or failed based on a comparison of expected and actual results.

Purpose of a Test Case:

  1. Ensures functionality: Test cases verify that each feature works as intended, helping catch bugs early.

  2. Documentation: They provide a structured record of testing activities, making it easier to track which aspects of the software have been tested.

  3. Consistency: By following predefined test cases, testers ensure that tests are conducted consistently, reducing human error.

  4. Regression testing: Test cases can be reused to check that new updates or changes haven't introduced new issues.

  5. Quality assurance: Well-written test cases ensure that the software meets the required specifications and is of high quality before release.

In short, test cases are essential for structured, repeatable, and reliable software testing, helping to ensure that software is both functional and stable.

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